The individual explanation is called modernization theory the view that global stratification results from a failure of poor nations to have the beliefs, values, and practices necessary for industrialization and rapid economic growth. Modernization and dependency theory essay example graduateway. Works cited introduction nowadays the rapid development of the word and the growing integration of countries can hardly fail to affect the development of new theories which attempt to explain the relationship between countries and the existing inequality between. Because, these refinements to the modernization and dependency theory have given a promise of new approaches to the issues of development. Dependency theory is a kind of developmental theory, which is a major critique of modernisation theory. Chapter iii a theory of underdevelopment in sociology.
The name and concept of development is a bone of contention for many scholars on the globe, mainly following the second world war. Media dependency theory is one of the theories, first of its kind which regards audience as an active part in communication process. First, the dependency theory is a characterization of the international system as comprising of a dominant and a dependent state, where the dominant states are the industrialized nations belonging to the oecd organization for economic cooperation and development, and the dependent states are the states of latin america, africa, and asia. Stated another way, marxist theories explain the reasons why imperialism occurs, while dependency theories explain the consequences of imperialism. So why have there been modification to these theories throughout the years. Dynamic dependency theory recognize the problems of dependency, but argue that domestic resources and policy decisions can still have a significant impact on how an underdeveloped country fares. Differences between modernization theory and dependency theory 4.
Marx and modernization volume 31 issue 2 shlomo avineri. Modernization theory is that positive material growth yields positive social equality. Skidmore and smith state that dependency theory distorts modernizations predicted outcomes. Marx and modernization shlomo avineri i arx had a specific theory about the nature of noneuropean societies, and this theory determined his views on the conditions and possibilities of industrialization and modernization in nonwestern countries. Direct modernization theory dependency theory pdf barclays. Works cited introduction nowadays the rapid development of the word and the growing integration of countries can hardly fail to affect the development of new theories.
This theory involves the globalization well talk about the pros and cons of globalization later, where concept and technologies, as well as the ideas and social mores are easily spread around the globe, causing a global culture that functions as a. While the dependency theories have provided a welcome critique from the south about the north, they were not without some. Modernization versus dependency in the context of colonial. This theory does not negate the fact that positive trends could emerge from exchange between countries. These are the principal theoretical explanations to interpret. The focus of this theory is the totality of society and social system periphery, which highlights the. In this sense, the dependency theory can be viewed as a reaction to modernization theory. Dependency theory holds that the condition of underdevelopment is precisely the result of the incorporation of the third world economies into the capitalist world system which is dominated by the west and north america randall and theobald 1998, 120, hence in development studies, dependency implies a situation in which a. Modernization, dependency, rural underdevelopment, african renaissance. It concludes with a brief look at the theorys limitations. A critique of modernization and dependency theories in africa. This article problematises the modernisation and dependency theories of development as well as well as locating the place and influence that language be it. Nowadays, the modernization theory studies how new innovations and technologies are resulting in a homogenized world.
Modernization theory describes the transformative processes of societies from underdevelopment to modern societies. It is a central contention of dependency theory that poor states are impoverished and rich ones enriched by the way poor states are integrated into the world system. The dependency theory is an important tool for understanding latin americas relative underdevelopment. The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism argued by max weber german socialist.
Modernization theory the third world countries have experienced massive variation in the economic development since after the end of second world war. The discourse pins hope on the african renaissance theory of development. The dependency theory claims that this is how underdevelopment was created and is. Modernization theory and the comparative study of societies. This term is used to indicate countries that are less economically developed than the united. Can modernisation theory still explain it convincingly. Introduction the main objective of this document is to synthesize the main aspects of the four major theories of development. Modernization theory is subject to criticism originating among socialist and freemarket ideologies, worldsystems theorists, globalization theorists and dependency theorists among others. Modernization theory and dependency theory table of contents 1. The basic assumption of this theory, in any of its versions, is that there is one general end page 157 process of which democratization is but the final stage. Modernization theory stresses not only the process of change but also the responses to that change.
Development, dependency, modernization, social change, gunder frank, the third world, developing countries, capitalism, imperialism, worldsystems. A common term used in the news and social media today is the developing world. At the same time, the development of different countries has multiple theoretical explanations. The dependency theory is expanded from the theory of uses and gratification. Beyond latin america chapter iii a theory of underdevelopment in sociology. Modernization theory both attempts to identify the social variables that contribute to social progress and development of societies and seeks to explain the process of social evolution. A critique of modernization and dependency theories in. Critics of dependency theory social science theories. A failed state is a state perceived as having failed at some of the basic conditions and responsibilities of a sovereign government. The discourse assesses the influence of modernization and dependency theories on africas development. School most associated with modernization theory, looked at the cultural factors leading to underdevelopment. In this chapter i discuss the main ideas of the theories of modernization and dependency from the perspective of the latin american region. Andre gunder frank the development of underdevelopment pdf. When it comes to a solution to the problem, it is right to say that the contexts of countries are different and the solutions for their economic and development problems should be different.
Dependency theorists hold that shortterm spurts of growth notwithstanding, longterm growth in the periphery will be imbalanced and unequal, and will tend towards high negative current account balances. Marx had a specific theory about the nature of noneuropean societies, and this theory determined his views on the conditions and possibilities of industrialization and modernization in nonwestern countries. Modernization versus dependency in the context of colonial bengal. The endogenous explanation is a modernization theory. The modernization and dependency theories of development essay.
Modernization theory vs dependency theory 1227 words 5 pages. Modernization or dependency 72 95 modernization theory and underdevelopment dependency theory and underdevelopment dependency in a specific historical context. The proponents of modernization theory claimed that underdeveloped countries were. Simply stated these theories are simply that, theories, ideas, hopes, and dreams, just as life is ever changing so must or ideas. So division of social science, hong kong university of science and technology, clear water bay, hong kong keywords. Dependency theory highlights that due to colonial and postcolonial endeavors the countries at the periphery are constantly exploited by those at the core. This paper aims to present a comparative analysis between the modernization theory and the dependency theory. The most popular criticism would revolve around the idea of ethnocentrism, or the assumption that how economic and social progress has worked in certain countries would work equally as well elsewhere.
Dependency theories have provided an alternative approach to looking at unilinear growth models. An outline and critique of competing theories by dieter nohlen, heidelberg. The following report will attempt to analyze and critique our nations potential options concerning social and fiscal policy and use this information in an attempt to. Similarities between modernization theory and dependency theory 3. I dont know when this theory was founded, but from my internet research ive got to know that it was the age of enlightenment when the fundamentals of this concept raised by a few philosophers who started to think about how their society transformed, and how they changed and progressed. Currently, modernization and dependency theories are the two worldwide accepted speculations illuminating the diversification in the economic growth of these countries. In this regard, it is possible to distinguish the modernization and dependency theories. But dependency theory, then in contrast, comes along about the same time. This article provides information about the critique of modernisation theories based on the dependency theory of development. Dependency theory is in large part a theory of development in the third world, it seek to provide explanations for third world development and explanations that the modernisation theory failed to give. Modernization consists of a gradual differentiation and specialization of social structures.
Both fernando henrique cardoso and andre gunder frank have been. Matunhu department of development studies, midlands state university, zimbabwe. Dependency theorists had played a major part in challenging modernization theory by pointing to evidence of persis tent and growing underdevelopment which. It combines elements from a neomarxist theory and adopts a revolution of under developed nations model. The dependency and worldsystems perspectives on development. Religion and politics ethniccultural divisions women and development agrarian reform and the politics of rural change rapid urbanization and the politics of the urban poor. Like any other theory, the dependency theory has its advantages and limitations. Modernization and dependency theory tutorial sophia learning.
According to this theory, there is an internal link between media, audience and large social system. If they just apply the laws of modernization, the tenets of modernization, they will take off in the economic society. Modernization theories backwardness theories according to modernization theories, internal factors in the countries, such as illiteracy, traditional agrarian structure, the traditional attitude of the population, the low division of labour, the lack of communication and infrastructure, etc. The dependency theory miscellaneous essays essay sauce. Modernization theory is the process of transforming from a traditional or underdeveloped society to a modern western societies way of life.
Modernization, dependency, rural underdevelopment, african. In fact, the modernization theory and the dependency theory focus on different aspects of the development of countries. Modernization and dependency theories flashcards quizlet. Collectively, these theories contrast modernization. Economic theory, democracy, and the progressive church the overriding difference between modernization theory and dependency theory is that where modernization theory contends that there are universal practices that result in economic success, dependency theory states that poor countries are subordinated by wealthier ones in order to maintain. Gaining popularity in the 1950s, modernization theory has been one. Fostercarter argues that this disguises the similarities that exist between ldcs and the west.
The criticism studied expose the flaws of this popular theory rendering it inadequate as a. In analysing the assets of the modernisation theories, it should be understood that this school of thought emerged in the early years of the 1950s, and began to disappear in the 1970s when belief in it started to wane. Dependency theory is the notion that resources flow from a periphery of poor and underdeveloped states to a core of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former. Dependency theory states that a dependent economy yields or brings social inequality, which in turn can lead to political authoritarianism. Difference between modernization theory and dependency theory. The theory arose as a reaction to modernization theory, an earlier theory of development which held that all societies progress through similar stages of development, that todays underdeveloped areas are thus in a similar situation to that of todays developed areas at some time in the past, and that, therefore, the task of helping the. Aug 31, 2015 modernization theory is also a development theory that emerged before the dependency theory. Globalization and the dependency theory essay example. There are two levels of analysis in classical modernization theory. Download 10page term paper on country of sudan dependency theory vs.
Modernization and dependency theory the routledge handbook. Comparison of dependency theory with modernization theory. Modernization and dependency theory essay writing blog. Using a simple predictive model based on our revised version of modernization theory, we first predict and test the. Modernization theory vs dependency theory the path to modernization is one never clearly defined. Jul 08, 2017 modernization, modernization theory a term and approach that came into widespread use in the early 1960s, as a consequence of the efforts by a group of development specialists in the united states to develop an alternative to the marxist account of social development. Modernization theory and the culture of dependency among third world democracies modernization theory is a description and explanation of the processes of transformation from traditional or underdeveloped societies to modern societies. Dependency theory is a mixture of various theories, including world systems theory, historical structure theory, and neomarxist theory. Download file to see previous pages the united states and the united kingdom and the less developed countries found in asia, africa, and latin america. However, it is mainly concerned with the issue of over dependency leading to abuse and mental enslavement. Modernization theory studies the process of social evolution and the development of.
Modernization theory and dependency theory are two development theories between which some difference can be identified. Critique of modernisation theories based on the dependency. In order to make this definition more precise, the following attributes, proposed by the fund for peace, are. Basically, modernization theory became the foundation stone of this evolutionary prescription for development. Structuralism and dependency, examine the dependency approaches that emerged out of structuralism. Seeing the state of development or underdevelopment in latin america 1 and africa 2, i argue that dependency is created by a dominant country on these so called underdeveloped countries by creating a market. The dependency and worldsystems perspectives on development alvin y.
The basic assumption of this phase was that people could change. Modernization theory and dependency theory writework. Dependency theory dependency theory has been presented as a theory of development that improves modernisation theory reyes, 2001a. The conclusion is that both theories have failed to help develop africa. Dependency theory has also been associated with johan galtungs structural theory of imperialism. They have critically evaluated the continued unequal relationships between countries, which have their history partly in colonialism and imperialism. To put it more precisely, modernization and dependency theory stand on the ground that western countries are the world leaders due to their higher level of development, which affects practically all spheres of life, including economic, political, social, and even cultural life leys, 210. The development of countries is vulnerable to the impact of multiple factors. Modernization theory and classical dependency theory free.
Yet this theory is hardly known, though it is extremely interesting and sometimes contradicts the. One of these competing theoretical perspectives is dependency theory, which emerged in the 1950s in response to modernization theory. However, it is necessary to underline that modernization theory views such cooperation and integration as a conscious and voluntary act from the part of developing countries, for which modernization in the western style is the only way to overcome the existing backwardness, while supporters of dependency theory argue that such cooperation and. Modernization theory vs dependency theory while many theorists have numerous explanations towards underdevelopment, experts like david brooks and peter hallward have described the natural disaster in haiti to be brutally destructive primarily due to its poverty. These theories are quite different but they give insight toward understanding the essence of the development of different countries. This paper will discuss the modernization and dependency theories and how they have been modified in the course of time. For example, modernisation theory sees ldcs as backward societies that need our help to develop, whilst dependency theory sees us as exploiting them for cheap labour and raw materials. Dependency theory grew influential in latin america in the 1960s and 1970s, largely in reaction to modernisation theory and free trade policies, which originated in the west. Modernization and dependency theory flashcards quizlet.
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